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Trade in the Gulf and beyond.

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Long before today's skyscrapers and oil tankers,

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the Gulf region was already a center of trade.

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Over 4,000 years ago, between 2,600 BCE and 1,900 BCE,

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one of the world's earliest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization,

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was actively trading with ancient Gulf communities.

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Located in what is now Pakistan and Northwest India,

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the Indus people built advanced cities like Harapa,

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Mohenjo Daro, and Lothal.

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Lothal featured one of the world's oldest known dockyards,

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enabling maritime trade across the Arabian Sea.

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Archaeological evidence shows that

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Indus traders reach Mesopotamia and the Gulf,

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including Dillman, modern-day Bahrain,

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a trading hub mentioned in Sumerian text as a land of purity and commerce.

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Goods like copper, cotton textile, and bread were exchanged

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for lapis lazuli, dates, and silver.

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Indus seals found at Gulf sites such as Umalnar, UAE,

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and Ross Aljins, Oman, proved these connections.

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Trade wasn't just about goods,

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it also enabled the exchange of technology,

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like boat design and standard weights,

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indicating the early flow of ideas between civilizations.

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Today's Gulf economy still depend on trade,

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but it all started with early seed links,

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like those with the Indus Valley.