WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:07.120 In the shadow of the ancient world, where the Indus River once whispered secrets to the 00:07.120 --> 00:13.520 sands, a civilization thrived and vanished into the mists of time lie the forgotten mysteries 00:13.520 --> 00:24.700 of the Indus Valley civilization. 00:24.700 --> 00:31.020 Even before paper was invented, evidence of early civilizations was recorded on copper plates, 00:31.020 --> 00:36.400 rocks, pillars, stone walls, and clay tablets. 00:36.400 --> 00:41.480 These discoveries give us glimpses into the lives and cultures of ancient people, 00:41.480 --> 00:50.640 weapons, tools, and other artifacts found during excavations provide invaluable insights. 00:50.640 --> 01:04.080 One of the most significant archaeological discoveries was made in the 1921 by pioneers such John Marshall. 01:04.080 --> 01:11.840 They unearthed the ancient sites of Harapa and Mohenjodaro, revealing the Indus Valley civilization, 01:11.840 --> 01:21.600 which thrived around 3,500 BCE along the banks of the Indus River. 01:21.600 --> 01:27.680 This bronze age civilization extended across what are now India and Pakistan, including 01:27.680 --> 01:34.720 regions like Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat. 01:34.720 --> 01:40.880 It is also known as the Indus Sarasphati civilization due to the settlements found along the 01:40.880 --> 01:49.920 now dry Sarasphati River. Harapan City was a marvel of urban planning. 01:49.920 --> 01:57.440 It was divided into an upper part, the Citadel, and a lower part where people lived and worked. 01:58.480 --> 02:03.520 The Citadel built on raised platforms, housed public buildings, 02:03.520 --> 02:11.280 granaries, the Great Bath, and workshops, the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro, 02:12.800 --> 02:19.760 an impressive structure measuring 12 by 7 meters and about 3 meters deep showcases their engineering 02:19.760 --> 02:28.080 skills. It was a large brick-dilled pool that steps leading down on either side, surrounded by 02:28.160 --> 02:37.760 terraces and rooms. Harapan cities had well-planned streets that intersected at right angle. 02:38.960 --> 02:45.920 Houses made of baked bricks often had two stories, with flat roofs and thick plastered walls. 02:48.720 --> 02:54.160 They featured bathrooms connected to an advanced drainage system that ran alongside the streets. 02:54.800 --> 03:03.120 Artifacts suggest that Harapan's practiced cotton weaving and yarn spinning. Men and women 03:03.120 --> 03:09.360 wore simple yet elegant clothing, with men putting on long pieces of cloth and women often wearing 03:09.360 --> 03:16.880 skirts. Both adorned themselves with jewelry made of beads, shells, and metals. 03:16.960 --> 03:24.560 The Harapan's developed a sophisticated system of weights and measures, crucial for trade. 03:26.640 --> 03:32.080 They were also skilled craftsmen, creating pottery and metal tools and ornaments. 03:33.120 --> 03:39.280 The famous bronze statue of a dancing girl and priest king from Mohenjodaro highlights their 03:39.280 --> 03:46.640 artistic talent. Religious practices included the worship of sacred animals and 03:46.640 --> 03:56.640 trees. Despite flourishing for over a thousand years, the Indus Valley civilization declined 03:56.640 --> 04:05.200 around 1300 BCE. Natural disasters such as floods and possible invasions are believed to have 04:05.200 --> 04:12.240 contributed to its fall. Although some cultural aspects persisted, the urban sophistication was lost. 04:12.960 --> 04:20.800 The Indus Valley civilization continues to hold many secrets. What stories do these symbols tell? 04:21.440 --> 04:29.120 What lessons can we learn from their rise and fall? The Indus Valley beckons us to delve deeper, 04:29.120 --> 04:37.040 to unlock the mysteries of a civilization that dared to dream big and leave its mark on the world.